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This book is about the Math Builder (officially called as Equation Editor) tool in Microsoft Word and Outlook 2007 and higher. It also applies to Microsoft PowerPoint and Excel 2010 and higher. Note that this is a different tool than the legacy tool Equation Editor 3.0 (which is still available on 32-bit Office versions until the January 2018 update^[1]) and MathType.

Typesetting mathematics on a computer has always been a challenge. The mathematical community almost universally accepts a typesetting language called LaTeX. Math Builder is a much easier to use tool that has less functionality than LaTeX but more than typical document processing. Microsoft call this hybrid language the Office Math Markup Language, or OMML for short. It is an appropriate tool for:

Typing any document whose focus is not itself mathematics.
Typing a short math document quickly.
A stepping stone between word processing (MS Word) and typesetting (LaTeX)

Note that Math Builder does not perform any mathematics; it is a tool for displaying it.

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Pros and Cons[edit]

Pros:

Math Builder is WYSIWYG: after typing an equation you see immediately what it looks like.
It's easy to get started: it's already built in to Microsoft Word. Common symbols have point-and-click icons.
It's easy to use: Common symbols have keyboard shortcuts so that a veteran user need not use a mouse at all.
Nearly all symbols use the same commands as LaTeX.
The format used is non-proprietary and given in Unicode Technical Note #28.
It can be used in Outlook to easily write equations in emails; it renders as images to the recipent.

Cons:

Some uncommon symbols are not listed in the menu and require knowing the keyboard shortcut. Typically this is the LaTeX code for the symbol.
There are differences between Math Builder and LaTeX code: advanced functionality that requires more than just a symbol tend to follow the same flavor but have slightly different syntax. Math Builder code tends to be shorter than LaTeX code and disappears upon completion to the WYSIWYG output. Examples here are matrices, multiple aligned equations, and binomial coefficients.
No LaTeX typesetting tools such as labels and references are implemented.
No highly advanced LaTeX tools such as graphing, commutative diagrams, or geometric shapes are implemented. (Note:- Geometric shapes are otherwise available in the Insert ribbon)
Students studying mathematics might not be motivated to learn LaTeX because they might be able to get by with Equation Builder in Word to satisfy the vast majority of their needs. However, when such a student reaches the limits, unlike LaTeX there is absolutely no recourse to expand the program to satisfy it.

Inserting an equation[edit]

Microsoft Word has two different typing environments: text and math. To obtain the math environment, click on 'Equation' on the 'Insert' ribbon on Windows or Word for Mac '16, or in 'Document Elements' on Word for Mac '11. The keyboard shortcut is 'alt'+ '='. For a Mac system, the shortcut is control + '='. Everything you type in this environment is considered math: all automatic formatting of text is disabled. To exit the math environment, click on any text outside the math environment. One easy way to do this is by pressing the right arrow key.

Equation Editor on Word for Mac 2011

Common Mathematics[edit]

Fractions[edit]

There are multiple ways to display a fraction. The default is vertically aligned as illustrated below. Obtain this by typing the fraction and pressing space: 1/2

${displaystyle {frac {1}{2}}}$

Linear fraction (resp. skewed fraction) is obtained using ldiv (resp. sdiv) and pressing space (twice) or by typing 1 ldiv 2 (resp. 1 sdiv 2) and pressing space. While you can also do this by right-clicking on the equation and clicking Linear, this affects the whole equation and not just the fraction.

${displaystyle {v}/{p}}$

Parenthesis, brackets, and braces[edit]

Grouping symbols will automatically size to the appropriate size. These symbols include '(), {}, [], '. For instance, the expression below can be obtained with (1/2(x+1)):

${displaystyle left({frac {1}{2}}(x+1)right)}$

Be careful to press space after the '2' to render the fraction, otherwise Word might put 'x+1' in the denominator. Also press space after typing every closing parenthesis ')', which will adjust both the opening and closing parentheses size to fit the group's contents. Because the 1/2 fraction is is quite tall, the outer parentheses need to be adjusted to enclose the fraction appropriately. To be exact, the key presses required to reproduce the equation above are (1/2space(x+1)space)space.

Exponents and subscripts[edit]

Exponents can be obtained by using '^' and subscripts by '_'. The monomial below can be obtained by typing x_2^5 or x^5_2 and pressing space.

${displaystyle x_{2}^{5}}$

Symbols: ${displaystyle neq ,leq ,subseteq ,vee ,rightarrow ,Rightarrow }$ etc[edit]

These are all common symbols. The easiest thing to do would be to find a LaTeX reference sheet. A few of those symbols are shown here:

code	output
neq or /=	${displaystyle neq }$
leq or <= (resp. geq or >= )	${displaystyle leq }$ (resp ${displaystyle geq }$ )
subseteq	${displaystyle subseteq }$
vee	${displaystyle vee }$
rightarrow	${displaystyle rightarrow }$
Rightarrow	${displaystyle Rightarrow }$
times	${displaystyle times }$
div	${displaystyle div }$
pm	${displaystyle pm }$
infty	${displaystyle infty }$
otimes (resp. oplus)	${displaystyle otimes }$ (resp. ${displaystyle oplus }$ )
hbar	${displaystyle hbar }$
partial	${displaystyle partial }$

Greek, Script, and Fraktur letters[edit]

The math environment implements 3 fronts in addition to the default.

Greek letters can be obtained by typing a ' followed by the name of symbol. Capitalizing it creates a capital letter. delta Delta produces ${displaystyle delta Delta }$
Script letters can be obtained by typing ' followed by 'script' followed by the letter. scriptd scriptD produces ${displaystyle {mathcal {d}}{mathcal {D}}}$
Fraktur letters can be obtained by typing ' followed by 'fraktur' followed by the letter. Fraktur does not have capitals. frakturd prodouces ${displaystyle {mathfrak {d}}}$

Blackboard Bold letters[edit]

Blackboard bold letters can be obtained by typing ' followed by 'double' followed by the letter. doubled doubleD produces ${displaystyle mathbb {d} mathbb {D} }$

Mathematical Physics[edit]

Vectors[edit]

A vector is often denoted by an overhead right arrow, which can be obtained by following a letter variable with 'vec': ${displaystyle {overrightarrow {A}}}$ . Unit vectors (e.g. ${displaystyle {hat {x}}}$ ) are denoted by a hat (circumflex), which can be obtained by following a letter variable with 'hat'. The gradient (also known as del or nabla) operator ${displaystyle nabla }$ may be displayed using 'nabla'.

Newtonian Dot Notation[edit]

Dot notation for time derivatives (e.g. ${displaystyle {dot {r}},{ddot {r}}}$ )can be obtained by following a letter variable with 'dot' for a first derivative and 'ddot' for a second derivative.

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Vector Products[edit]

The dot product (inner product) can be displayed using the centered dot symbol 'cdot' e.g. the divergence ${displaystyle nabla cdot A}$ . The cross product can be displayed using 'times' e.g. the curl ${displaystyle nabla times A}$ .

Matrices[edit]

Matrices are obtained with the 'matrix' symbol. Use parentheses to start and end the matrix. Use '@' to separate rows, and '&' to separate columns. The matrix below can be created by typing [matrix(1&2&3@4&5&6)].

${displaystyle {begin{bmatrix}1&2&34&5&6end{bmatrix}}}$

Multiple Aligned Equations[edit]

Aligning equations can be obtained with the 'eqarray' symbol. Use parentheses to start and end the matrix. Use '@' to separate equations. Use '&' to specify alignment and whitespace. The first '&' and then every other occurrence is alignment. The second and then every other occurrence is white space. The equations below can be obtained by typing the following text:

${displaystyle {begin{aligned}2&x+&3&y=5&x+&&y=7end{aligned}}}$

(The math environment here seems to be adding excess space between the alignments that doesn't occur in Word)

Radicals[edit]

Radicals are obtained using the 'sqrt' symbol, followed by the index, then '&', then the radicand.

For example: sqrt(a&b) will output ${displaystyle {sqrt[{a}]{b}}}$ .

Additionally, sqrt(x) will simply output ${displaystyle {sqrt {x}}}$ .

Integrals[edit]

code	output
${displaystyle int }$
${displaystyle int _{a}^{b}}$
${displaystyle iint _{a}^{b}}$
${displaystyle iiint _{a}^{b}}$
${displaystyle oint _{a}}$
Double oriented integral (No corresponding Wikibooks math symbol)
Triple oriented integral (No corresponding Wikibooks math symbol)
Clockwise oriented integral (No corresponding Wikibooks math symbol)

Integrals are obtained by inserting the desired integral symbol (see above table), and then pressing space twice.^[2]

For example: int_a^bspacespace1/xspacedx will output ${displaystyle int limits _{a}^{b}{frac {1}{x}},dx}$

Inline versus Display[edit]

Equations have two forms. Inline specifies that the equation is to be in line with text. This affects a few expressions to make them appear smaller. For instance fractions will use a smaller font. Summations and integrals will place the endpoints to the right of the symbol instead of below it.Display specifies to use as much space as needed. Display mode equations must appear on their own line.

Modifying and creating shortcuts[edit]

Everything in Math Builder requires special symbols that the computer knows how to interpret. These symbols are constructed with all the commands starting with ' as illustrated in the above sections. This is implemented via math autocorrect which you can modify. For instance, you might like to use ra instead of rightarrow. You can do this by adding the command to the math autocorrect directory.

References[edit]

↑https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Equation-Editor-6eac7d71-3c74-437b-80d3-c7dea24fdf3f
↑Iztok Hozo. 'Using Word 2007’s new equation editor' (in English). Indiana University Northwest. http://iun.edu/~mathiho/useful/word07shortcuts.pdf. Retrieved 06-05-2019.

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Typing_Mathematics_in_Microsoft_Word&oldid=3695286'

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The fonts that are in printers can sometimes be useful and difficult to use in application program code. This article describes how to determine which printer-resident device fonts are available for use in a Win32 printer device context. The article also describes several problems that can happen when you try to use those printer fonts in application code.

Original product version: Win32 printer device
Original KB number: 201978

Summary

In most cases, a software developer relies on the operating system to provide the fonts that will be used for its drawing. To do this, you can select an operating system-supplied font through the application programming interface (API) or through the common Choose Font dialog box. However, the application is typically not concerned with the particular font that is used, only it meets certain requirements and the user prefers the font. These requirements include:

Font must be a certain size.
Font must contain characters (otherwise known as glyphs).
Font must have a certain style.

Typically, when the application prints the document, the font (or a font that is similar to it) is used on the printer without any particular action from the application. This is generally the correct result for the application, and this produces good printed results at reasonable speeds.

However, sometimes an application developer may have to select only a certain font specifically from a target printer. Historically, this was necessary on impact-type printers (for example, dot-matrix printers) to obtain certain formatting or to speed up the printing.

Today, most printers are fundamentally designed as raster devices and can draw a dot (a pixel) on any part of the paper as efficiently as all of a character glyph. For most applications, it isn't an issue whether a character glyph is drawn as a whole form from a printer-resident definition or is drawn as a collection of pixels that the operating system provides. However, you may still want to use a font that only the printer provides. For example, this may occur because the font is unique and has no similar substitute in the operating system or perhaps because you want to avoid the overhead of downloading a font definition to the printer.

Device fonts

For the purposes of this article, device fonts are any fonts whose definition exists either permanently or transiently in the printer's memory. These device fonts provide a character glyph definition that can be addressed per character by the printer's page rasterizer hardware to ink the shape onto paper.

Device fonts can be categorized into three basic types:

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True device fonts. For the purposes of this article, these are fonts that only the printer hardware provides and that you can use only on the printer.
Device font substitution. Fonts that exist in the operating system and that the printer hardware also provides. In this case, the printer hardware can substitute for the operating system's fonts.
Downloadable fonts. Fonts that the operating system provides but whose definition can be downloaded to the printer and used on the printer as if the printer hardware provided the fonts directly.

Downloadable fonts

The operating system provides downloadable fonts, which are also known as soft fonts. When you print a document, the definition for the font is provided as part of the print job. When the printer processes the print job, the font definition is installed in the printer memory so that the font definition can be inked onto the printed page of the document.

Some argue that because the printer is drawing the character glyphs of the font, these fonts are device fonts. However, when a font definition is downloaded or when a glyph is drawn onto the printer through a bitmap, only some overhead or print job spool size is saved. This process occurs transparently to the application so that the font in the operating system can be used on the screen and on the printer. Because this article focuses on how to use device fonts that only the printer provides, this article doesn't describe how to use downloadable fonts.

Device font substitution

Device font substitution occurs when there are two, distinct font definitions: one that the operating system uses, and one that the printer uses. That is, an application selects and uses a font in the operating system in a document on the screen. When you print the document, the printed output is drawn by using the similarly defined font that the printer provides. Therefore, the font in the operating system has been substituted on the printer with the printer-defined font.

This typically occurs on PostScript printers when a common Windows TrueType font is used. An example of this is the TrueType Arial font that is typically printed by using the PostScript font definition for the Helvetica font on most PostScript devices. This is an example of a substitution by using a similar font whose font name is different. In this case, you can typically find and use this similar font definition directly because the similar font definition is also exposed as a true device font. This is discussed later in this article.

Device font substitution also occurs when the font on the printer has the same name as the font that the operating system provides. This typically occurs on printers such as Hewlett-Packard LaserJet printers. Those printers typically have their own versions of the Windows core fonts such as Arial and Times New Roman. Although these fonts can also typically be found by looking for true device fonts, their use sometimes cannot be guaranteed because the printer drivers frequently select on their own or select through user settings whether to use the font that the operating system provides instead.

True device fonts

True device fonts are those that only have a definition on the printer. The only way that an application can use these fonts is for the application to specifically identify the font and to create it for use in the printer device context.

If you know enough information about a device, you can create a logical font description in a LOGFONT structure that will result in the realization of the device font. In particular, it is important to provide the correct information for the lfFacename member, the lfHeight member, and the character set of the font. Also, the lfOutPrecision member should contain an OUT_DEVICE_PRECIS flag to influence the font-mapping process to choose device fonts instead of similarly named system fonts.

If the description of the font isn't known, you can enumerate fonts to discover device fonts. To obtain a list of device fonts that the printer supports, use one of the font enumeration functions such asEnumFontFamiliesEx. Application code that is put in the callback function can examine the data that is handed to the callback function to determine which font instances describe a device font.

Use true device fonts

The process of using a device font in a printer device context follows these general steps:

Identify the true device fonts by enumeration of the fonts in a printer device context.
Select fonts that are device-only as indicated by the FontType flags and by process of elimination.
Use printer-specific metrics in the MM_TEXT mapping mode to accurately place the text that is drawn by using the device font.

Enumerate the fonts of a printer device context

To enumerate all of the fonts that are available in a device context, you can use callback functions and the EnumFontFamiliesEx function from the Win32 application programming interface (API). To enumerate all of the fonts for a device context, you must call EnumFontFamiliesEx two times: first to get a list of font families, and a second time to get all of the distinct fonts that are in each font family.

To find all of the device fonts on a printer device context, you must enumerate all of the fonts of the printer device context. When each font is passed to the callback functions, the font is examined to determine if it is a device font. The PrinterDeviceFontEnum andPrinterDeviceFontFamiliesEnum callback functions in the following sample code perform this operation.

You can see in the sample code where the EnumFontFamiliesEx function is called two times. The first call is made in thePrintDeviceFontList function. The second call is in the PrinterDeviceFontFamiliesEnum callback function.

PrintDeviceFontList is the top-level function. PrintDeviceFontList performs two tasks by starting a print job on the printer device context and then invoking the first call to EnumFontFamiliesEx to start the font enumeration process. According to the Platform Software Development Kit (SDK) documentation, when you set the LOGFONT structure's lfCharSet member to the DEFAULT_CHARSET value, EnumFontFamiliesEx enumerates all of the font families. After the font enumeration is complete, the code completes the print job management task by calling the EndDoc method.

The PrinterDeviceFontFamiliesEnum callback function is called for each font family by the EnumFontFamiliesEx function. In that callback function, the code initially screens the font families to find only the device fonts that are marked by the FontType parameter. It also screens out any fonts that are marked as TrueType because those fonts are likely to be downloadable fonts. For those font families that are considered device fonts, the EnumFontFamiliesEx function is called again but is passed the ENUMLOGFONTEX structure that the callback function received. The use of the callback parameter as the input parameter to the second enumeration function call causes the second enumeration to list all of the distinct fonts in that font family.

Select device fonts

You can use certain criteria of printer device fonts to distinguish these fonts from any other font that is enumerated. Specifically, look for the DEVICE_FONTTYPE value in the FontType callback function's DWORD parameter. Almost all of the fonts that are handed to the callback function with this value set are device fonts for the printer device context (except with Adobe fonts).

Aqw character page generator. In the sample code, the PrinterDeviceFontEnum callback function is called by the second enumeration for each distinct font in the font family. The PrinterDeviceFontEnum callback function performs three tasks:

Uses the device font criteria again to make sure that the function only processes fonts that are recognized as device fonts.
Searches for the font by using another font enumeration to see if the device font is also used in the system's screen device context.
Prints a sample of the font onto the print job that is being created to demonstrate the use of the font. This callback function uses a function named IsSystemFont, which is part of the following sample code:

This function detects when a font that is marked as a device font but isn't a true device font (according to the definition in this article). This occurs when Adobe fonts are installed into the system through either the Adobe Type Manager or through the native Adobe rasterizer that is present in Windows 2000 or Windows XP.

When this occurs, the font is really a system-supplied font that is downloaded to the printer, which sometimes occurs with TrueType fonts. Unfortunately, there is no flag that you can use across Windows 98, Windows Millennium Edition (Me), Windows 2000, and Windows XP that indicates that the font is an Adobe font that the system provides (unlike TrueType fonts, which include a flag). There is an indication in the NEWTEXTMETRIC structure's ntmFlags member, but this is only available in Windows 2000 and later. Therefore, the code must resort to a process of elimination. The font is removed when IsSystemFontdetermines that the device font is provided by both the screen device context and the printer device context.

To avoid repetitious samples of a font that scales, the code also notes when a candidate font has already been used. The specific implementation of this relies on the enumeration order of the fonts to see when sequential enumerations of a font are the same font but in a different scale. To remove fonts that are only a different scale, the code uses the CompareLogFontEx function.

Note

The documentation for programming Windows operating systems doesn't state that font instances that differ only by scale will be enumerated sequentially. The code sample uses this technique because enumeration was seen to work this way, and the reduction in the number of sample lines on the printed page is not a critical feature of the demonstration code. If you want to rely on eliminating different scales of the same font, you must keep a data structure of the device fonts that are used. Then the program must check the currently-enumerated font against that data structure.

Scalable vs. Bitmap fonts

There are two types of device fonts that can be enumerated on printers:

Bitmap or raster fonts
Scalable fonts

Bitmap fonts are fonts that have a character glyph definition of a fixed size. Scalable fonts are fonts that have a mathematics-based definition in the printer so that they can be drawn at any size. In other words, their size scales.

The classic example of a bitmap font is Courier 10 characters per inch (cpi). As the name implies, this font is a hold over from the transition from typewriters to impact-type printers. It is called a bitmap font because the most common definition of the font was located in a ROM bitmap image of a dot-matrix printer.

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Examples of scalable, printer-resident fonts can be found in most PostScript printers where there is typically a standard set of PostScript fonts such as Helvetica and Times.

Device fonts that aren't scalable have a bit that is set in the FontType parameter of the callback function. That bit is represented by the symbol RASTER_FONTTYPE in the SDK. If the FontType parameter to the callback function doesn't have the RASTER_FONTTYPEbit set, the font is a scalable font. For an example of how to determine this, see the PrinterDeviceFontEnum callback function of the sample code.

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Draw the device fonts

After fonts that are device fonts are found, the sample uses them in the printer device context on which the enumeration was done. Device fonts are used much like other fonts by creating a logical description with the CreateFontIndirect function. This function call is passed the LOGFONT that was passed into the font enumeration callback function. After the HFONT is created, it's used in the printer device context by selecting it into the device context with the SelectObject function call.

Metrics for the device font are obtained through the GetTextMetrics function call. It is best to operate on printer device contexts by using the MM_TEXT mapping mode, which is the default-mapping mode for a device context. When you use the MM_TEXT mapping mode, you avoid mathematical errors that can occur during the unit conversion process of other mapping modes.

When you use a device font in a printer device context, you must be careful not to transport the metrics for the font and the strings to other device contexts. This is true particularly of memory device contexts. By definition, a memory device context isn't the print job but is a temporary memory buffer of raster graphics and therefore can't use a device font.

There is another significant consideration when you use printer device fonts: you cannot provide a What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get type preview of the print job. Clearly, fonts that reside in the printer hardware cannot be drawn onto the screen. The closest that you can come to previewing the print job is to find a system-supplied font that has the general characteristics of a printer device font and then draw the glyphs of that font on the screen by using the ExtTextOut function to simulate the placement of the character glyphs on the printed page.

Problems using device fonts

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You may experience the following problems when you use device fonts: